How Is Cancer Diagnosed: Methods Used To Test And Detect Cancer

Cancer is a monster that can have devastating consequences if not diagnosed and treated in a timely and effective manner.

It does not only affect one physically but it also drains one financially and emotionally if detected at an advanced stage.

Early diagnosis is vital to improving cancer outcomes, and there are several different ways that this malignant tumor can be diagnosed.

CANCER DIAGNOSTIC METHODS

Physical Examination

The first step in diagnosing cancer is a physical examination. This can be done either by self or by a medical practitioner.

During this examination, the doctor will check for any unusual lumps, swelling, or changes in the skin or tissues.

They may also examine the lymph nodes to see if they are enlarged or tender. The physical examination can help detect many types of cancer, including breast, skin, and testicular cancer.

Laboratory Tests

Biopsy

A biopsy involves the removal of a sample of tissue from a tumor and examining it under a microscope for signs of cancerous cells. Biopsies can be performed in several ways, including needle biopsies, surgical biopsies, and endoscopic biopsies.

Needle biopsies involve the insertion of a thin needle into the affected area to collect a small sample of tissue. This procedure is minimally invasive and can be performed on an outpatient basis.

Surgical biopsies are more invasive and involve the removal of a larger piece of tissue from the affected area.

Endoscopic biopsies are performed using an endoscope, which is a long, thin tube with a camera on the end that is inserted into the body through a small incision.

Endoscopy

Endoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that involves the insertion of a thin, flexible tube with a camera on the end into the body.

This procedure can be used to examine the inside of the digestive tract, the lungs, the bladder, and other organs.

The camera sends images to a monitor, allowing the doctor to see any abnormalities or changes in the tissue.

Endoscopy can be used to diagnose cancers of the digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and colon.

Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy is a type of endoscopy that examines the colon and rectum for signs of cancer.

During the procedure, a long, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the rectum and passed through the colon.

The camera sends images to a monitor, allowing the doctor to see any abnormalities or changes in the tissue. Colonoscopy is an essential tool for detecting colorectal cancer (cancer of the colon and rectum).

Blood tests

A blood test is another method that can be used to diagnose cancer. Blood tests are used to detect cancerous cells or proteins that are produced by cancer cells.

Different types of blood tests can be employed to diagnose cancer, including tumor marker tests, complete blood count (CBC) tests, and genetic tests.

Tumor marker tests are used to measure the levels of certain proteins that are produced by cancer cells. These proteins can be found in the blood, urine, or other bodily fluids.

A high level of a tumor marker does not necessarily mean that a person has cancer, but it can indicate the need for further testing.

CBC tests measure the number and types of blood cells in the body. People with cancer often have abnormal blood cell counts, so these tests can help doctors determine if cancer is present.

Genetic Tests

Genetic tests can also be used to diagnose cancer. These tests analyze an individual’s DNA to determine if they have an inherited genetic mutation that may increase their risk of developing cancer.

Genetic testing can help identify individuals who are at high risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as breast, ovarian, or colon cancer.

If a genetic mutation is identified, the individual can take steps to reduce their risk of developing cancer, such as undergoing increased screening or taking preventative measures.

Biologic Tests

Biologic tests are used to detect certain substances that are produced by cancer cells. For example, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is used to detect prostate cancer, while the human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) test is used to detect certain types of testicular cancer.

How Is Cancer Diagnosed: Methods Used To Test And Detect Cancer

Imaging Tests

Imaging tests are a non-invasive way of detecting cancer. Imaging tests are often used to diagnose cancer and to determine the extent of its spread.

These tests include X-rays, Computed Tomography scans (CT scans), Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans (MRI Scans), Positron Emission Tomography scans (PET scans) and ultrasounds.

X-rays use radiation to produce images of the body, while CT scans use X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of the body.

On the other hand, MRI scans use a magnetic field and radio waves to produce images of the body, while PET scans use a radioactive tracer to show areas of the body where cells are dividing rapidly, which is a hallmark of cancer.

Ultrasounds use high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the body, and they are often used to examine organs such as the liver, pancreas, and kidneys.

PET Scan

A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that uses a radioactive substance to create images of the body’s internal organs and tissues.

The radioactive substance is injected into the body, and a special camera captures the energy emitted by the substance to create images.

PET scans can help detect cancer by identifying areas of the body where the radioactive substance has accumulated, indicating the presence of cancerous cells.

These imaging tests can help doctors locate tumors and determine if they have spread to other parts of the body.

It’s important to note that the specific diagnostic methods used may vary depending on the type and location of cancer suspected.

A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, and surgeons, often collaborate to diagnose and stage cancer accurately.